Generally Nouns appear in two Numbers i.e. Singular Number and Plural Number.
1) Several Nouns form their plural forms by adding 's' to its singular form.
Eg:- Book - Books, Table - Tables, Car - Cars.
2) But, specifically the Nouns that end in 's', 'sh', 'ch', 'x' and 'z' takes 'es' to form its plural Number.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Loss Losses Bus Buses
Bush Bushes Box Boxes
Brush Brushes Bench Benches
Church Churches Topaz Topazes
Buzz Buzzes.
Exceptions:
i) A word that end in 'ch' which is pronounced in 'k' sound is added by 's' to forms its plural Number.
Eg:- Monarch - Monarchs.
ii) Ox - Oxen
iii) Fox - Foxen.
3)(i) Nouns that end in 'y' preceded by a consonant 'or' 'qu' replaces 'ys' with 'ies' to form its plural Number.
Baby - Babies, Lady - Ladies, Soliloquy - Soliloquies, City - Cities.
ii) But, in nouns that end in 'y' preceded by a Vowel, only 's' is added to form its plural Number.
Boy - Boys, Key - Keys.
4) Nouns that end in 'f' or 'fe' replaces 'f' or 'fe' with 'ves' to form its plural Number.
Calf - Calves, Life - Lives, Knife - Knives, Leaf - Leaves, Wife - Wives, Thief - Thieves.
Exception: Safe - Safes; Strife - Strifes.
- But Nouns that end in 'ief', 'ff', 'oof', 'rf', 'eef', generally take only 's' to form its plural number.
Chief - Chiefs, Proof - Proofs, Cliff - Cliffs, Dwarf - Dwarfs, Reef - Reefs.
5) i) Nouns that in 'O' preceded by a consonant generally takes 'es' to form its plural Number.
Eg:- Hero - Heroes, Mango - Mangoes, Volcano - Volcanoes.
Exception:
Canto - Contos, Piano - Pianos, Manifesto - Manifestos, Photo - Photoes, Dynamo - Dynamos.
Note: Photo takes both forms, Photo - Photos/Photoes.
ii) Nouns that end in 'O' preceded by a vowel takes 's' to form its plural Number;
Folio - Folios, Radio - Radios, Bamboo - Bamboos.
7) Some Nouns form their plurals by changing the vowels in it.
Man - Men, Woman - Women, Foot - Feet, Tooth - Teeth, Mouse - Mice, Goose - Geese,
Louse - Lice.
8) Some other Nouns form their plurals by adding 'en' to it.
Child - Children, Ox - Oxen, Brother - Brothren/Brothers.
9) Some Nouns have plurals that made in an usual way;
Criterion - Criteria, Stratum - Strata, Crisis - Crises, Datum - Data('Data' though plural, generally is treated as singular), Syllabus - Syllabuses/Syllabi, Formula - Formulas/Formulae, Gymnasium - Gymnasiums/Gymnasia.
10) Some Compound Nouns will form their plural Number in following manner.\
Eg:- Son-in-Law - Sons-in-Law, Father-in-Law - Fathers-in-Law,
Director-General of Police - Directors-General of Police, solicitor - General - Solicitors-General,
Attorney-General - Attorneys-General, Officer-in-charge - Officers-in-Charge.
11) Nouns that have same form in both singular and plural form;
Series - Series, Public - Public, Innings - innings, Cannon - Cannon, Sheep - Sheep,
apparatus - apparatus, Species - Species, Swine - Swine.
12) Nouns that have no singular form;
Billiards, Assets, Alms, Annals, Ashes, Wages, Scissors, Proceeds, Thanks, Spectacles, Shears, Pants, trousers, Pyjamas, Odds, Nuptials, Mumps, Measles etc.
13) Nouns that have no plural forms;
Offspring, Furniture, Information, Alphabet, Luggage, Expenditure, Scenery, Pottery etc.
14) Nouns plural in form but singular in use;
Mathematics, Physics, News, Politics etc.
15) Nouns singular in form but plural in sense;
Aristocracy, Mobility, Gentry, Clergy, Cattle, Poultry, People, Folk etc.,
16) Nouns having different meanings in different numbers;
Advice, Advices.
Advice : Counsel .>> you should take my advice.
Advices: Information >> He went to seek advices from his dad.
Return, Returns
Return = Coming back >> I am waiting for him to return.
Returns = Statics >> I have submitted my IT returns.
Iron, Irons:
Iron = The metal >> India has vast store of Iron ore.
Irons = Chains made of iron >> The criminal was put in irons.
Sand, Sands:
Sand = The material >> Concrete is a mixture of sand and cement.
Sands = Sandy place >> We went to sands of Saudi Arabia.
Good, Goods:
Good = Benefit >> Elders suggestions make you good.
Goods = Things >> She lost all her goods.
17) Nouns with one meaning when in singular form, but two in the plural;
Arm(singular) Arms (plural)
Arm = Part of the body,
Arms = Parts of the body (human have two arms)
Weapons (Terrorists supplied arms)
Circumstance (singular, Circumstances (plural)
= Facts (these circumstances have bounded him to resign)
= Condition ( under these circumstances, I did it).
Colour (singular), Colours (plural)
= Hue(hues)(a rainbow has seven colours)
= Flag of a regiment (the military entered the city with their colours flying)
Custom (singular), Customs (plural):
= Habit(habits)(you should respect one's customs)
= Revenue Duties (the Govt. has imposed heavy customs on him)
Minute (singular), Minutes(plural):
= 1/60 part of an hour (I will reach there within a minute)
= Proceeding of a meeting (Please email me the minutes of the meeting)
Quarter (singular), Quarters (plural)
= 1/4 part (the teacher asked the boy to read out 1/4 of the poem)
= lodging (the company provided him quarters).
Spectacle (singular), Spectacles (plural)
= a Sight (i was charmed by the spectacle of Kashmir)
= Eye Glasses (I bought a pair of spectacles).
To spot out the errors in Nouns, we need to make out the difference between singular and plural Nouns. Nouns are of two types 1) Countable Nouns and 2) Uncountable Nouns.
Uncountable Nouns cannot be counted & do not have plural forms:
Eg:- Cattle, Sheep, Deer, Police, Information, Advice, Machinery, scenery, Luggage, Clothing, Music.
The word 'Police' should be preceded by the definite article 'the'.
Poem - Countable Noun.
Poetry - Uncountable Noun.
The word 'fish' & 'People' have two plural forms, one with 's' and other without 's'.
Fish (Singular), fish/fishes (Plural).
People (Singular), People/Peoples (Plural).
Usage of 'pair of': Pair of scissors, Pair of trousers, Pair of Pyjamas.
Usage of 'Many a': Many a Day = Many days >> Many a day is/ Many days are.
Many a teacher = Many teachers >> Many a teacher is/Many teachers are.
Many a village = Many villages >> Many a village is/ Many villages are.
1) Several Nouns form their plural forms by adding 's' to its singular form.
Eg:- Book - Books, Table - Tables, Car - Cars.
2) But, specifically the Nouns that end in 's', 'sh', 'ch', 'x' and 'z' takes 'es' to form its plural Number.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Loss Losses Bus Buses
Bush Bushes Box Boxes
Brush Brushes Bench Benches
Church Churches Topaz Topazes
Buzz Buzzes.
Exceptions:
i) A word that end in 'ch' which is pronounced in 'k' sound is added by 's' to forms its plural Number.
Eg:- Monarch - Monarchs.
ii) Ox - Oxen
iii) Fox - Foxen.
3)(i) Nouns that end in 'y' preceded by a consonant 'or' 'qu' replaces 'ys' with 'ies' to form its plural Number.
Baby - Babies, Lady - Ladies, Soliloquy - Soliloquies, City - Cities.
ii) But, in nouns that end in 'y' preceded by a Vowel, only 's' is added to form its plural Number.
Boy - Boys, Key - Keys.
4) Nouns that end in 'f' or 'fe' replaces 'f' or 'fe' with 'ves' to form its plural Number.
Calf - Calves, Life - Lives, Knife - Knives, Leaf - Leaves, Wife - Wives, Thief - Thieves.
Exception: Safe - Safes; Strife - Strifes.
- But Nouns that end in 'ief', 'ff', 'oof', 'rf', 'eef', generally take only 's' to form its plural number.
Chief - Chiefs, Proof - Proofs, Cliff - Cliffs, Dwarf - Dwarfs, Reef - Reefs.
5) i) Nouns that in 'O' preceded by a consonant generally takes 'es' to form its plural Number.
Eg:- Hero - Heroes, Mango - Mangoes, Volcano - Volcanoes.
Exception:
Canto - Contos, Piano - Pianos, Manifesto - Manifestos, Photo - Photoes, Dynamo - Dynamos.
Note: Photo takes both forms, Photo - Photos/Photoes.
ii) Nouns that end in 'O' preceded by a vowel takes 's' to form its plural Number;
Folio - Folios, Radio - Radios, Bamboo - Bamboos.
7) Some Nouns form their plurals by changing the vowels in it.
Man - Men, Woman - Women, Foot - Feet, Tooth - Teeth, Mouse - Mice, Goose - Geese,
Louse - Lice.
8) Some other Nouns form their plurals by adding 'en' to it.
Child - Children, Ox - Oxen, Brother - Brothren/Brothers.
9) Some Nouns have plurals that made in an usual way;
Criterion - Criteria, Stratum - Strata, Crisis - Crises, Datum - Data('Data' though plural, generally is treated as singular), Syllabus - Syllabuses/Syllabi, Formula - Formulas/Formulae, Gymnasium - Gymnasiums/Gymnasia.
10) Some Compound Nouns will form their plural Number in following manner.\
Eg:- Son-in-Law - Sons-in-Law, Father-in-Law - Fathers-in-Law,
Director-General of Police - Directors-General of Police, solicitor - General - Solicitors-General,
Attorney-General - Attorneys-General, Officer-in-charge - Officers-in-Charge.
11) Nouns that have same form in both singular and plural form;
Series - Series, Public - Public, Innings - innings, Cannon - Cannon, Sheep - Sheep,
apparatus - apparatus, Species - Species, Swine - Swine.
12) Nouns that have no singular form;
Billiards, Assets, Alms, Annals, Ashes, Wages, Scissors, Proceeds, Thanks, Spectacles, Shears, Pants, trousers, Pyjamas, Odds, Nuptials, Mumps, Measles etc.
13) Nouns that have no plural forms;
Offspring, Furniture, Information, Alphabet, Luggage, Expenditure, Scenery, Pottery etc.
14) Nouns plural in form but singular in use;
Mathematics, Physics, News, Politics etc.
15) Nouns singular in form but plural in sense;
Aristocracy, Mobility, Gentry, Clergy, Cattle, Poultry, People, Folk etc.,
16) Nouns having different meanings in different numbers;
Advice, Advices.
Advice : Counsel .>> you should take my advice.
Advices: Information >> He went to seek advices from his dad.
Return, Returns
Return = Coming back >> I am waiting for him to return.
Returns = Statics >> I have submitted my IT returns.
Iron, Irons:
Iron = The metal >> India has vast store of Iron ore.
Irons = Chains made of iron >> The criminal was put in irons.
Sand, Sands:
Sand = The material >> Concrete is a mixture of sand and cement.
Sands = Sandy place >> We went to sands of Saudi Arabia.
Good, Goods:
Good = Benefit >> Elders suggestions make you good.
Goods = Things >> She lost all her goods.
17) Nouns with one meaning when in singular form, but two in the plural;
Arm(singular) Arms (plural)
Arm = Part of the body,
Arms = Parts of the body (human have two arms)
Weapons (Terrorists supplied arms)
Circumstance (singular, Circumstances (plural)
= Facts (these circumstances have bounded him to resign)
= Condition ( under these circumstances, I did it).
Colour (singular), Colours (plural)
= Hue(hues)(a rainbow has seven colours)
= Flag of a regiment (the military entered the city with their colours flying)
Custom (singular), Customs (plural):
= Habit(habits)(you should respect one's customs)
= Revenue Duties (the Govt. has imposed heavy customs on him)
Minute (singular), Minutes(plural):
= 1/60 part of an hour (I will reach there within a minute)
= Proceeding of a meeting (Please email me the minutes of the meeting)
Quarter (singular), Quarters (plural)
= 1/4 part (the teacher asked the boy to read out 1/4 of the poem)
= lodging (the company provided him quarters).
Spectacle (singular), Spectacles (plural)
= a Sight (i was charmed by the spectacle of Kashmir)
= Eye Glasses (I bought a pair of spectacles).
To spot out the errors in Nouns, we need to make out the difference between singular and plural Nouns. Nouns are of two types 1) Countable Nouns and 2) Uncountable Nouns.
Uncountable Nouns cannot be counted & do not have plural forms:
Eg:- Cattle, Sheep, Deer, Police, Information, Advice, Machinery, scenery, Luggage, Clothing, Music.
The word 'Police' should be preceded by the definite article 'the'.
Poem - Countable Noun.
Poetry - Uncountable Noun.
The word 'fish' & 'People' have two plural forms, one with 's' and other without 's'.
Fish (Singular), fish/fishes (Plural).
People (Singular), People/Peoples (Plural).
Usage of 'pair of': Pair of scissors, Pair of trousers, Pair of Pyjamas.
Usage of 'Many a': Many a Day = Many days >> Many a day is/ Many days are.
Many a teacher = Many teachers >> Many a teacher is/Many teachers are.
Many a village = Many villages >> Many a village is/ Many villages are.
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